Ataur Rahman Khan was born in 1907 at village Balia under Dhamrai thana of Dhaka district.
Ataur Rahman Khan (1907-1991) was a lawyer, politician and writer.
He passed Matriculation examination from Pogose School in Dhaka (1924), FA examination from Jagannath College (1927), and obtained BA (Hons) degree from the Dhaka university in 1930. Having obtained B. L. degree (1936) from the Dhaka University he joined the Dhaka District bar in 1937. Ataur Rahman Khan joined the judicial service as a munseef in 1942, but after two years left the job to return to the bar (1944).

Ataur Rahman Khan began his career in politics as an activist of the Krishak Praja Samiti. He was secretary of the Dhaka district unit of the Party in 1934-35 AD. He joined the Muslim League in 1944, and was a member of the Dhaka district committee and vice president of the Manikganj Sub-divisional unit committee of the Party. Ataur Rahman had played a substantial role in floating the Awami Muslim League (1949), and had been the vice president of the party since its inception till 1964. As a member of the Sarbadaliya Rastrabhasa Karma Parisad he played a vital role in piloting the language movement, and was later elected convener of the reconstituted working committee in March 1952.

Ataur Rahman Khan was the joint secretary of the united front formed for launching the 1954 general elections. He was elected a member of the East Bengal Legislative Assembly as a nominee of the Front. He was a member of the provincial cabinet of Sher-e-Bangla A K Fazlul Huq in charge of the Ministry of Civil Supplies. He was elected a member of the Pakistan Constituent Assembly in 1955. He was simultaneously the leader of the opposition parliamentary party in the provincial assembly (1955-56) and the deputy leader of the opposition parliamentary party in the constituent assembly.

Ataur Rahman Khan became the Chief Minister of East Pakistan in 1956 and continued to hold this position till the promulgation of martial law in the country in 1958. He was elected president of the Dhaka High Court Bar Association in 1969 and a member of the bar council in 1970.
Ataur Rahman Khan floated a new political party styled as Jatiya League in 1969, and was elected its president. During the Liberation War in 1971 he was arrested by the Pakistan occupation army, and was however released in September after confinement for five months. Ataur Rahman was elected a member of the Jatiya Sangsad in 1973. He joined the Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BAKSAL) in 1975, and was made a member of its central committee. After the fall of BAKSAL Ataur Rahman revived his party Jatiya League in 1976. He was elected a member of the Jatiya Sangsad in 1979. Later he joined the cabinet of General Ershad, and was made the Prime Minister in 1984 which office he held till 1 January 1985.

Ataur Rahman Khan has authored a number of books most noted of whom are

• Ozaratir Dui Bachhar (1963)
• Svairacharer Dash Bachhar (1969)
• Pradan-mantritver Nai Mash (1987)
• Abaruddha Nai Mash (1990)

Ataur Rahman Khan died in Dhaka on 7 December 1991.